Wednesday, April 20, 2011

Phoebe's Critical Annotated Webliography

Guiding Question Two: ‘The machine/organism relationships are obsolete, unnecessary’ writes Haraway. In what ways have our relations to machines been theorized?

1,Using humanoid robots to study human behavior

Reference

Christopher G. Atkeson, (2000) ‘Using humanoid robots to study human behavior'
http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/3507/1/humanoid_robot_study.pdf (accessed 15 March 2011)

This article is about using humanoid robots to study human behaviors. They are working on an easier way to program humanoid robots, potentially in other machines and computer systems, it is based on the human behaviors, including juggling three balls, learning a folk dance by observing a human perform and performing Tai Chi exercise in contact with a human various behaviors.

They use different types of primitives to generate full body movement. They are interested in how people and machines can learn from sensory information to acquire perceptual and motors skills. So, they are exploring neural networks, statistical learning and machines learning algorithms.

They are investigating three areas, supervised and unsupervised learning from demonstration and reinforcement learning. They are using a variety of motion capture systems to understand the psychophysics of human movement. Programming for humanlike behaviors in a humanoid robot is an important step toward understanding how the human brain generates behavior. I appreciate their innovation. To answer human and machine relationship very much.

They provided many professional technologies to text machines. The pictures showed let me know machines behavior are like human and it can do many things, therefore, machines have big contributions to the world.

2. The nature of indexing: how humans and machines analyze messages and texts for retrieval. Part I: Research, and the nature of human indexing

Reference
James D. Anderson, (2000) ‘The nature of indexing: how humans and machines analyze message and text for retrieval. Part I: Research, and the nature of human indexing’ http://www.mariapinto.es/ciberabstracts/Articulos/artAnderson2001a.pdf (accessed 15 March 2011)

This article is about how humans and machines analyze messages and texts for retrieval. This article has many brain scientists, neuroscientists and cognitive psychologists to make progress in understanding how humans think.

There are two parts, the first part is critiques the comparative research, and then explores the nature of human analysis of messages or texts and efforts to formulate rules to make human practice more rigid and predictable. The second part is they focus on current methods in automatic indexing, its slow adoption by major indexing and hard to understand services, and way for allocating human and machines approaches.

These essays will apply modern methods of indexing both human and machine by indexing and abstracting services. It is a possible way for apportion both approaches for maximum benefit.

We can see them to quote different scholar paragraphs to analysis the survey of expert annotation on human intellectuals. The addition of numerical values doesn’t change the basic fact that the judgments of human indexers are still very subjective and their accurate basis is still very difficult to specify.

I also agree human thinking process is not equal to machines, although there are many index, not only use these indexes to manifestation human thinking process equal to machines, it is a very difficult and subjective thing.

3. The learning of perceptual-motor skills by men and machines and its relationship to training

Reference
Gaines, B. R. (1972) ‘The learning of perceptual-motor skills by men and machines and its relationship to training’ http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~gaines/reports/PSYCH/TMPMS/TMPMS.pdf (accessed 15 March 2011)

This article is about experiments involving the training of both humans and learning machines under a variety of conditions described and analyzed. The main objective is investigated the feasibility and applicability of “teaching machines”, automatic training devices for perceptual skills.

There are many figures to explain the training process. It is possible to establish a theoretical basis for the study of learning and the investigation of training procedures which is independent of the learning device and the nature of the task to be learned.

At present it is possible to set up models of learning behavior in the human operator by appropriate adaptive controllers subject to the same physical constraints as the human. The experiments demonstrate the applicability of feedback training in the teaching of a novel perceptual motor skill, and the theory suggests that it will be generally applicable.

The integration of feedback training procedures, based on the variation of difficulty, with direct instruction through natural language, has a huge possible, not only in teaching perceptual motor skills, but also in training the operators and service engineers of specialist equipment, such as communication, navigation and computer systems.

If we can teach the machines to do something, I think it is a good innovation of the world. Because it can replace human to do the dangerous jobs and if we only teach the machine, its can help people to do something.

4. An approach to multi-modal human-machine interaction for intelligent service robots

Reference

Hans, Joachim B¨ohme, (2004) ‘An approach to multi-modal human-machine interaction for intelligent service robots’ http://www3.tu-ilmenau.de/fakia/fileadmin/template/startIA/neuroinformatik/publications/journals/Boehme-RAS-03.pdf (accessed 15 March 2011)

The article describes different plans about robots and human relationship. They want to invent many sensible robots to serve human. The robot is automatic and it can work in perplexity and crowded environments. For example, the robots are able to contact customers in their perimeter situation to provide services in customers. After tested in different scenarios, the robots are dependable. Still, they need to improve the sound and speech input and output systems.

The method was used to check the robots’ sound and speech systems. We can see the machines can serve human, it is very useful and convenient for human life. For example, robots can work in public places to serve human. Putting robots into service could attract many customers to go shopping.

It will be interesting and fun if more shops use robots services because, nowadays they need to innovate and need more technology to provide human life. Robots are high-tech products as they can work efficiently. Furthermore, when the technician set up a system, robot can speak a different language besides have a multiple function to do many things. Therefore we can always hear robots are like human.

5. A compact soft actuator unit for small scale human friendly robots

Reference

Tsagarakis, N.G. (2009) ‘A compact soft actuator unit for small scale human friendly robots’ http://www.viactors.org/Documents/Papers/2009_IITpaperICRA1.pdf (accessed 15 March 2011)

The article talks about the development of new robots in the future. There are innovations of automatic small robots to serve different audiences. For example, the robots can services at home.

These robots are suitable at home or small places because these robots are automatic, small, efficient, and work precisely on small chores.

The purpose of this work is very clear, useful and meaningful. The new robots can make establish good relationship between human and machine. Because robots can help human to do more, such as house cleaning and looking after their children, it can even have conversation with humans and serve customers in the stores, too! It is conveniences human life so much.

For me, I think it will be encouraging to see more innovation on small machines or robots, because they are easy to maintain and carry around. This article is different from previous article. These small robots are developed to better suit human needs. I think small robots are better than big robots.

No comments:

Post a Comment